"This Companion presents the history of modern science for everyone interested in the technology, ideas, discoveries, and learned institutions that have shaped our world over the past five centuries. Focusing on the period from the Renaissance to the beginning of the twenty-first century, its 609 articles, by more than 200 scholars, cover the main scientific disciplines (for example, Biology, Mineralogy, Behaviorism), historical periods (Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, World War II and Cold War), integrating concepts (Evolution, Space and Time, Ether), methodologies (Observation and Experiment, Hypothesis), and much more. Coverage is international. The Companion traces the spread of science from its traditional centers and explains how non-Western societies have modified or contributed to today's dominant global science (Latin America, Diffusion in the East). There are essays on institutions (Academy, Library, RAND), instruments (Astrolabe, Microscope), and the apparatus of big science (Accelerator, Satellite). The Companion gives considerable space to the interplay between science and the wider culture (Minority Groups, Science and Art, Contraception) and to biographies of figures chosen for the importance of their contributions and the interest of their careers." The Companion's synopsis of contents, system of cross-referencing, and detailed index help and encourage readers to follow their interests along various threads from any starting point. Easy essay offers suggestions for further reading, which favor literature accessible to the general reader. A bibliographical essay provides an overview of the scholarship in the field, including both print and electronic sources, that will be useful to scholars and teachers as well as to the curious general reader. Enhanced with more than one hundred black-and-white illustrations and a eight-page color section, the Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science is an authoritative g