In the late Qing period, from the Opium War to the 1911 revolution, China absorbed the initial impact of Western arms, manufactures, science and culture. This volume of essays deals with the reception of Western literature on the evidence of translations made. It deals with aspects of the influx of translated fiction and discusses the adjustments made by translators to suit the prevailing aesthetic, cultural and social norms, and/or the needs and preoccupations of the receiving public. A broad overview of translation activities is given and the effect of this foreign invasion on native literature is described.